狼毒根原料特点及其中柱制备糠醛研究

瑞香狼毒是我国北方草原上典型的多年生草本毒植物,资源化利用是新的治理思想和方式。以青海湖南岸的狼毒为研究对象,对其根部原料特征、化学成分和中柱部分制备糠醛进行了测定分析。结果表明:狼毒根皮层厚度与其最大直径呈直线关系;含水量为4.5%时,狼毒根中柱密度(0.72 g/cm~3)略高于皮层密度(0.69 g/cm~3);狼毒根中柱与皮层的化学成分有较大差异。由于狼毒根中柱部分聚戊糖含量较高,适合作为制备糠醛的原料,本研究中糠醛的得率为8.2%,与目前工业常用的原料蔗渣相仿。研究结果可为狼毒资源化提供参考依据。     

豌豆根腐病研究进展

根腐病是豌豆根部的重要病害之一,在世界各地豌豆产区均有发生,是制约豌豆产业持续健康发展的因素之一。世界上尚未发现对根腐病完全免疫的豌豆品种,防治方法主要以农业防治和化学防治为主。本文从豌豆根腐病的发生与分布、病原菌的分类及特点、抗性鉴定及评价标准、种质资源、分子标记及防治策略等方面对国内外豌豆根腐病研究现状进行综述。并提出抗病育种和未来豌豆根腐病综合防治的研究方向。     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.     

Drought and heat stress reduce yield and alter carbon rhizodeposition of different wheat genotypes

Drought and high temperature are major environmental stress factors threatening wheat production during grain filling stage resulting in substantial yield losses. Four wheat genotypes (Suntop, IAW2013, Scout and 249) were planted under two temperature levels (25 and 30°C) and two water levels (15% and 25% soil moisture content). Wheat yield, leaf δ¹³C, plant rhizodeposition, shoot biomass and root traits were examined. Low moisture (drought stress) and high temperature (heat stress) decreased the grain yield of all wheat genotypes, in particular 249, while combined drought and temperature stresses had the most pronounced negative effect on plant biomass and grain yield. Decreasing soil water availability decreased the allocation of plant‐derived C to soil organic carbon (SOC) and to microbial biomass through rhizodeposition. Leaf δ¹³C decreased with increased yield, suggesting that higher yielding genotypes were less water stressed and allocated less C to SOC and microbial biomass through rhizodeposition. Wheat genotypes with lower root/shoot ratios and thinner roots were more efficient at assimilating C to the grain, while genotypes with higher root/shoot ratios and thicker roots allocated more C belowground through rhizodeposition at the expense of producing higher yield. Therefore, improving these traits for enhanced C allocation to wheat grain under variable environmental conditions needs to be considered.     

广西莲雾冬季防寒及寒后管理技术

莲雾属于热带水果,温度低于10℃,果实及叶片生长停止；低于8℃,叶片出现冻害现象,花蕾及果实出现消蕾、落果现象。结合生产实际,提出果园覆盖、适时适量修剪、科学的水肥管理、病虫害防治等防寒及寒后管理措施,为广西莲雾的优稀特色水果生产提供参考,以期促进广西莲雾产业的发展。     

观赏荷花新品种‘首领’

‘首领’是从观赏荷花‘钗头凤’芽变中选出的新品种,重台,小株型。立叶高20~30 cm,叶径13.5~26.5 cm×11~20 cm。花色为复色,花瓣外被18~22枚,内被122~140枚,花冠直径15.0~17.5 cm。着花密度较高,7~13朵·m~(-2)。     

猕猴桃外观尺寸在线检测分级系统设计与试验

目前市场上存在的猕猴桃分级机械主要是针对质量特征进行分级的大型机械,而消费者在购买猕猴桃时往往更注重它的外观品质,且大型设备难以在以农户小规模营销为主的市场环境下得到普及。为了实现猕猴桃外观品质的自动分选,适应广大猕猴桃种植农户的需求,设计了一种基于机器视觉的小型移动式猕猴桃外观尺寸在线检测与分级系统。该系统主要由输送机构、检测机构、分级执行机构和控制系统组成。输送机构采用倾斜式输送带方案,结构简单,便于实现猕猴桃的输送和分级;检测机构采用图像处理的方法得出猕猴桃的大小等级信息;分级执行机构借助猕猴桃的重力与旋转磁铁的开合实现猕猴桃的分离。对样机进行了试制和验证试验,结果表明:该系统的平均分级成功率为96.3%,单个猕猴桃分级时间约为2.5s。该猕猴桃检测分级系统的设计为今后完成多特征指标的融合分级提供了基础和依据。     

双断根嫁接机自动搬运与回栽装置设计与试验

为提高嫁接流程的自动化程度,设计了一种适用于双断根嫁接机的自动搬运及回栽装置,以解决嫁接后嫁接苗依靠人工搬运、回栽作业的问题。阐述了搬运及回栽装置工作原理,并对关键机构进行了仿真和运动学分析。通过嫁接苗贴接夹紧区域统计和嫁接苗搬运试验,确定搬运机构对嫁接苗的最佳夹持位置;当机构夹持嫁接苗夹子下端搬运,搬运成功率可达94%,平均耗时为2.5 s/株。通过镇压三因素三水平正交试验,确定嫁接苗镇压效果最优条件;当打孔孔径10 mm、打孔深度15 mm、镇压块形状为对分锥面镇压时,嫁接苗回栽试验成功率可达92%,平均耗时为4 s/株,满足目前全自动嫁接机的嫁接速度要求。试验表明,设计的嫁接苗自动搬运及回栽装置与嫁接机配套使用,可提高嫁接流程的自动化程度。     

稻油轮作区驱动圆盘犁对置组合式耕整机设计与试验

针对长江中下游稻油轮作区油菜种植时土壤黏重板结、秸秆量大、播种作业需同步开畦沟的农艺要求,考虑传统耕整作业耕层浅、功耗大的不足,依据驱动圆盘犁组与传统铧式犁相比,不易缠草堵塞、通过性好、牵引阻力小的特征,设计了用于油菜播种的驱动圆盘犁对置组合式耕整机。提出了主动式对置犁耕与被动式开畦沟、碎土、平整相结合的联合耕整作业方案,分析了对称布置的圆盘犁组的动力学和运动学特性,确定了其主要结构和工作参数。根据犁体曲面成形原理,设计了开畦沟前犁犁体曲面;依据组合式船型开沟器与土壤挤压互作机制的分析,确定了开畦沟区域宽度为350 mm时,开畦沟系统作业后可有效保证畦沟和种床厢面质量。耕深稳定性试验表明,整机作业实际耕深与限深深度基本一致,耕深稳定性系数均在90%以上。厢面质量试验表明,开畦沟系统在中间开畦沟区域能开出沟宽241.6~293.5 mm,沟深328.6~370.8 mm的梯形沟。经组合式船型开沟器挤压的土壤对犁沟的实际填埋率高于87.67%,碎土辊作业后厢面平整度为22.45~26.70 mm,碎土率为60.14%~68.37%。正交试验结果表明,整机较优工作参数为:限深深度为180 mm,机组前进速度为3.5 km/h,圆盘犁组转速为160 r/min,此时整机功耗为24.37 k W,相比传统旋耕方式的油菜播种种床整备机具的功耗降低了37.67%,秸秆埋覆率为92.78%,碎土率为66.74%,厢面平整度为24.18 mm,土壤对犁沟平均填埋率为92.3%,满足油菜播种的农艺要求。